Do Golf Carts Provide a Competitive Advantage? Science Behind an Ongoing Debate

With players applying to use golf carts during professional competitions the question of competitive fairness continues to surface.

New research commissioned by The R&A and the European Tour Performance Institute (ETPI) explores whether using a cart can confer an advantage. A recent scoping review of global literature – alongside a physiological study involving elite male golfers – provides a more evidence-based perspective to guide policy and practice. [Download the Research Infographics below]

The findings presented at the 3rd International Congress on Golf and Health show that players using a golf cart experience significantly lower physical demands compared to those walking the course. Cart users expend less energy, take fewer steps, and maintain a lower heart rate and core temperature – all of which help reduce fatigue over 18 holes. Perceived effort was also significantly lower for those riding.

Interestingly, the same studies found no significant differences in clubhead speed, ball speed, or carry distance. This suggests that while carts may conserve physical and mental energy, they don’t directly improve performance metrics – at least not in controlled conditions when playing one round.

For competition organisers, the challenge lies in striking the right balance between inclusivity and fairness. Golf carts increase accessibility for those with disabilities or health conditions, and may be necessary to comply with legal obligations.

But by grounding future decisions in evidence, those responsible for professional championships, and governing bodies can continue to develop clear, consistent policies — ones that uphold the integrity of the sport while supporting accessibility and inclusion for competitors where possible.

 

DOWNLOAD SCOPING REVIEW INFOGRAPHIC

DOWNLOAD PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY INFOGRAPHIC

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REFERENCES

Andrew J Hall, Chris Bishop, Amy O’Donnell, Tony Bennett, Graeme L Close, Wimpie Du Plessis, Andrew Murray, Golf carts as on-course transportation during competitive golf events: a scoping review – LINK COMING SOON

O’Donnell, A, Murray, A, Jones, A, Harrison, J, Lyndsey, A, Bennett, T, Bishop, C, Morton, JP Langan-Evans, C, and Close, GL1 Physiological and Performance Effects of Using a Golf-Cart Versus Walking during Tournament Golf – LINK COMING SOON